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Melaphis rhois
''Melaphis rhois'' is an aphid species first identified by Asa Fitch in 1866.〔(Catalogue of Life citation )〕 Known as the staghorn sumac aphid, it is the only species in the genus ''Melaphis''.〔
Colin Favret, et al, (Aphid Species File ), Accessed September 10, 2014〕 It is a type of woolly aphid and one of the few aphids that induce the formation of galls.〔Paul D. N. Hebert, Terrie L. Finston and Robert Foottit, (Patterns of genetic diversity in the sumac gall aphid, Melaphis rhois ). 1991. ''Genome'', 34: 757-762.〕
The species produce galls on the staghorn sumac (''Rhus typhina''), an eastern North American variety of sumac, and they are also found on the smooth sumac (''Rhus glabra)''. The gall is variously called "sumac leaf gall" and "red pouch gall" as it sometimes appears red in colour.〔(Red pouch gall ), New Hampshire Garden Solutions. Accessed September 4, 2014〕 The galls occur when female aphids lay a single egg on the underside of the sumac leaf, inducing the leaf to form a sac over the egg.〔(Sumac gall identification ), Walter Reeve. Accessed September 4, 2014〕 According to Hebert et al, the eggs "give rise to a series of parthenogenetic generations, which remain within the gall. Winged females leave the gall in late summer and fly to moss, where they establish asexually reproducing colonies. The colonies produce the males and sexual females responsible for recolonizing sumac each spring."〔 In 1989, it was reported that the use of alternate plant hosts by the aphids dates from 48 million years before present.〔Moran, N.A. 1989. (A 48-million-year-old aphid - host plant association and complex life cycle: biogeographic evidence (abstract) ). ''Science'' (Washington, D.C.), 245: 173-175.〕 When identified, this was the oldest known documented insect-plant relationship;〔 much older relationships have subsequently been discovered. See more at Paleoparasitology.
Though parasitic, the aphids are considered inconsequential to the health of the host plant.〔(Sumac leaf gall aphid ), Maine Department of Agriculture〕〔Tom Glasgow, (Identify the problem before applying pesticide ), New Bern Sun Journal (North Carolina), August 1, 2014 Accessed September 4, 2014〕 Unlike the Chinese gall, sumac leaf galls have no commercial value.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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